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"The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment"

Clifford M. Will

	Abstract
1	Introduction
2	Tests of the Foundations of Gravitation Theory
	2.1	The Einstein equivalence principle
	2.2	Theoretical frameworks for analyzing EEP
	2.3	EEP, particle physics, and the search for new interactions
3	Metric Theories of Gravity and the PPN Formalism
	3.1	Metric theories of gravity and the strong equivalence principle
	3.2	The parametrized post-Newtonian formalism
	3.3	Competing theories of gravity
4	Tests of Post-Newtonian Gravity
	4.1	Tests of the parameter $γ$
	4.2	The perihelion shift of Mercury
	4.3	Tests of the strong equivalence principle
	4.4	Other tests of post-Newtonian gravity
	4.5	Prospects for improved PPN parameter values
5	Strong Gravity and Gravitational Waves: Tests for the 21st Century
	5.1	Strong-field systems in general relativity
	5.2	Motion and gravitational radiation in general relativity: A history
	5.3	Compact binary systems in general relativity
	5.4	Compact binary systems in scalar–tensor theories
6	Stellar System Tests of Gravitational Theory
	6.1	The binary pulsar and general relativity
	6.2	A zoo of binary pulsars
	6.3	Binary pulsars and alternative theories
	6.4	Binary pulsars and scalar–tensor gravity
7	Gravitational-Wave Tests of Gravitational Theory
	7.1	Gravitational-wave observatories
	7.2	Gravitational-wave amplitude and polarization
	7.3	Gravitational-wave phase evolution
	7.4	Speed of gravitational waves
8	Astrophysical and Cosmological Tests
9	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Footnotes
	Updates
	Figures
	Tables

List of Tables

Table 1:
Bounds on cosmological variation of fundamental constants of non-gravitational physics. For an in-depth review, see [397].

Table 2:
The PPN Parameters and their significance (note that $α3$ has been shown twice to indicate that it is a measure of two effects).

Table 3:
Metric theories and their PPN parameter values ( $α3 = ζi = 0$ for all cases). The parameters $γ′$ , $β ′$ , $α′ 1$ , and $α ′ 2$ denote complicated functions of the arbitrary constants and matching parameters.

Table 4:
Current limits on the PPN parameters.

Table 5:
Constancy of the gravitational constant. For binary-pulsar data, the bounds are dependent upon the theory of gravity in the strong-field regime and on neutron star equation of state. Big-Bang nucleosynthesis bounds assume specific form for time dependence of $G$ .

Table 6:
Parameters used in the equations of motion.

Table 7:
Parameters of the binary pulsar B1913+16. The numbers in parentheses denote errors in the last digit. Data taken from [409]. Note that $γ ′$ is not the same as the PPN parameter $γ$ [see Eqs. (108 *)].

Table 8:
Parameters of other binary pulsars. References may be found in the text. Values for orbit period derivatives include corrections for galactic kinematic effects