Can't see the Economist for the Trees

Economist's Poster

I was pretty sure that a 2002 poster campaign run by the Economist misused the phrase "Can't see the wood for the trees". So I wrote to their letters page. I got a reply referring me to Brewer's Concise Phrase and Fable, which I reckoned they had also misinterpreted, so I wrote back. It is interesting that while the dictionaries usually say what is meant by the expressions, they don't describe scene being set. The Economist ran a followup campaign in 2003, that included this poster, which I have to say I'd agree with.

One reason I was so sure about my point is because I discovered this phrase exists in other languages, but is only ambiguous in English. If this phrase translates directly into an idiom of another language, please let me know, so I can add it to the list below. I've also discovered a bit more about the history of the expression in English.

Languages with this Expression

English (British)
Can't see the wood for the trees.
English (American)
Can't see the forest for the trees.
French
L'arbre qui cache la forêt.
German
Er sieht den Wald vor lauter Bäumen nicht.
Hungarian
Nem látja a fától az erdöt.
Dutch
Je kunt door de bomen het bos niet meer zien.
Hebrew
מרב עצים לא רואים את היער
Russian
ИЗ-ЗА ДЕРЕВЬЕВ ЛЕСА НЕ ВИДНО
Swedish
Kan inte se skogen för alla träden.
Norwegian (Bokmål)
Kan ikke se skogen for bare trær.
Norwegian (Nynorsk)
Kan ikkje sjå skogen for berre trær.
Danish
Kan ikke se skoven for bare træer.
Estonian
Ei näe puude taga metsa.
Serbian
НЕ ВИДИ СЕ ЛИШЋЕ ОД ШУМЕ
Spanish
Los árboles no dejan ver el bosque.
Catalan
Els arbres no deixen veure el bosc.
Finish
Ei nähdä metsää puilta.
Greek
Μπορεί να δει το δέντρο και όχι το δάσος
Chinese (Simplified, but see below)
见树不见林
Chinese (Traditional, but see below)
見樹不見林
Romanian
Nu văd copacul pădure.
Croatian
Ne mogu vidjeti drvo od šume.
Japanese (Also, see below)
木を見て森を見ず.
Ukrainian
Не бачити за деревами лісу

Languages that don't seem to have this expression

Irish
I've asked several native speakers, and no one knows a version of it.
Italian
All the Italians I've asked were not familiar with the expression. However, one person speaking the dialect from Appenini had seen the expression in a book in this dialect from the late-19th–early-20th century.
Portuguese
Both European and Brazilian Portuguese speakers seem unfamiliar with the expression. One person did offer a translation, but it did not seem to be known to some other speakers.
Turkish
I've only asked two Turkish speakers, but neither knew of an equivalent expression. However, it does seem that "ağaçlar yüzünden orman görememek" can be used but, based on results from Google, it does not seem that common and may be multilingual speakers who know the expression from other languages. A more traditional variant might be "yapraklardan ağacı görememek" meaning "can't see the tree for the leaves", though Google suggests this is also uncommon.
Polish
I've asked a couple of people about Polish, and again, neither knew of a natural analogue.
Chinese
While I was given the equivalent expressions in simplified and traditional Chinese above, some other speakers reckon these are recent imports from English. A more idiomatic version is something like:
一叶障目 不见泰山
which means "One can not see TaiShan Mountain because a leaf blocks one's eyes".
Persian
One Persian speaker suggested the following expression:
ﭼﺸﻢ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﭼﻮﺏ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻦ ﺩﺭﺧﺗﺎﻥ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ
However, this expression didn't seem natural to another speaker, though it did incorporate some elements of an expression known to them.
Japanese
The expression above is well known in Japanese, though some web sites and a native speaker I consulted felt it could be a US/European import.

How old is it?

In my reply I mentioned the expression as possibly having originated with Weiland in the 1700s, as several web pages suggested this was the case. However, it seems the expression is older than this.

Someone pointed me at another reference to the expression on the web, saying it was listed in a John Heywood's list of proverbs, originally printed in 1546. You don't want to believe everything you read on the web, so I made a trip to the library. I found two reprints of this book, one from 1874 and one from 1906. The phrase is about half way through Part II, Chapter IV.

The first reprint is:

The Proverbs of John Heywood,
Beging the "proverbs" of that author printed 1546
Edited, with notes and introduction, by Julian Sharman.
London 1874.

It contains the expression as follows, where I believe the italics are supposed to show which bits are proverbs and which bits are filler text by John Heywood.

	Plentie is no daintie, ye see not your owne ease.
	I see, you cannot see the wood for the trees.
This references a footnote, that says:
	13 you cannot see the wood for the trees,
	continued proverbial, being found in an anti-popish tract
	of the reigh of Charles II

	For him who sees no wood for the trees
	and yet is busie as the bees...

	A Letany for S Omers 1682.

The second reprint is:

A dialogue of the effectual proverbs
in the English Tongue concerning marriage
by John Heywood,
Edited by John S. Farmer.
MCMVI

The introduction of this reprint is critical of Sharman's reprint, claiming it is inaccurate and is missing some lines. This edition does claim to modernise the spelling and formatting of the text. Its version of the expression is:

	Plenty is no dainty, ye see not your own ease,
	I see ye cannot see the wood for the trees

the index includes a mention of the same anti-popish treaty, but says it is "From he..." rather than "For he...", so there are minor differences between the two versions, but "the wood for the trees" is intact in both. The Early English Books Online database also have scans of early editions of this book, with the text (as best I can read it - it uses fonts no longer commonly used for English):

	Plentie is no deyntie. ye see not your owne ease.
	I see, ye can not see the wood for trees.

This all suggests it may well have been in the original, making the expression over 400 years old. (Another early reference is supposed to occur in Brian Melbancke's in Philotimus (1583?) saying: 'Thou canst not or wilt not see wood for trees.' I haven't managed to track this down in a library yet, though it is in EEBO.)

However, it seems that this is not the beginning of the story. Using EEBO, I found that in "The second parte of the co[n]futacion of Tyndals answere in whyche is also confuted the chyrche that Tyndale deuyseth. And the chyrche also that frere Barns deuyseth." which is "Made by syr Thomas More knyght." on a page labelled "ccccxxxvii" at the end of the second paragraph we have

	And then we may well tell hym agapne, thet he can
	not se the wood for the trees.
The copy in EEBO is dated 1533, which pushes us back another ten years or so before most of the dictionaries know of a reference. Note, this is the same Thomas More who was executed by Henry VIII.

The 20 volume version of the OED also has a reference to Heywood's book, under the entry for "wood". From the point of view of understanding the expression, it is worth noting that this proverb is included under the part of the definition corresponding to "wood means a forest" not "wood is a material coming from trees".

Another interesting thing brought up by the OED entry for wood, is that at one stage the word "wood" could mean the same as "tree". From the examples given in the OED, it looks like this usage may have still been understood at John Heywood's time. This might have given the expression a clever nonsense interpretation, which is lost on us today.

Google Ngrams

Google has a tool called Google Ngram Viewer, which lets you search for sequences of words in Google books and see their relative frequency. After fumbling around for a bit, I managed to get the following results.

Ngram Graph for English Ngram Graph for German Ngram Graph for Russian Ngram Graph for French Ngram Graph for Hebrew Ngram Graph for Spanish

So, Google first finds the phrase in German in about 1780, which overlaps in a plausible way with Wieland. It doesn't find anything in English until the 1820s, which tells us that either Google doesn't have coverage prior to this, or the spellings/phrasing used before this isn't the same (for example, I get a few earlier hits on "wood for trees"). French kicks off in 1840, Spanish - after a blip about 1830 gets going about 1900, Russian in 1920 and Hebrew in 1970. It's quite possible that either Google's coverage or variant forms make these results a bit undependable though. You can retry the searches in English, German, French, Hebrew, Russian and Spanish.

Note, it seems it is possible to do better, if you know how the languages better. For example, here is an example of finding the Russian phrase back to the 1860s.

First Email

To: letters@economist.com
Subject: Can't see the...
Date: Wed, 05 Jun 2002 14:28:12 +0100

The Economist is currently running a poster campaign in Ireland.
One of posters shows a small group of trees and a log. Below the
trees is written "The Trees" and below the log is written "The
Economist". A photograph of this poster is available at
http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/wood-for-trees.jpg

I presume that the phrase that is being alluded to is "Can't see the
wood for the trees", and the implication is that reading The Economist
will allow you to see the wood (ie., the log).

Unfortunately, this expression means "cannot see the big picture"
and "the wood" actually refers to a small forest! This can be
confirmed by checking a dictionary or by looking at the equivalent
expressions in Dutch "Je kunt door de bomen het bos niet meer zien"
(you can no longer see the forest through the trees), French
"L'arbre qui cache la foret" (the tree which hides the forest)
or other languages.

I presume that the poster is not suggesting that The Economist is
hiding the big picture from its readers. More likely, the advertisers
didn't check the poster carefully with your good selves; a case of
the left hand not knowing what the right hand is doing.

        David.

My reply to their reply

To: Jacqui Kean
Subject: Re: Your letter to the editor 
In-reply-to: Your message of "Thu, 06 Jun 2002 15:49:09 BST."
             <scff847d.011@UKLOTWS03.ECONOMIST.COM>
Date: Sun, 30 Jun 2002 20:33:58 +0100

Sorry for the delay in replying to your mail, but I have been busy
for the last couple of weeks. You replied to me regarding the
poster depicting "the wood from the trees".

> In reply, could I refer you to :

> Brewer's Concise Phrase and Fable, Cassell & Co. (first published 1870,
> reprinted 2000.)p 1104.

> "One can't see the wood for the trees. It is difficult to pick out the
> essentials from the surrounding mass of detail; the main issues are not
> readily apparent."

Indeed - I would concur with Brewer's Concise Phrase and Fable.
Unfortunately, it does not clearly state the image being invoked.
To try to clarify the issue, I have looked up the phrase in a number
of dictionaries and I have included the results at the end of this
mail. I believe the entry from the OED is particularly revealing:

	to be unable to see the wood (or N. America the forest) for
	the trees: fail to grasp the main issue because of
	over-attention to details

but the others help illuminate the spirit of the phrase.

> Clearly The Economist, depicted as the wood, represents the main issues
> extracted from the mass of detail.

The problem is that the Economist is not being depicted as the wood
- - it is being presented as a log! As I commented in my original
mail, "the wood" refers to a forest in this expression. It is
unfortunate that the Economist was represented as a log, because
it can be willfully misinterpreted as an even more trivial detail
than "the trees" of which the wood consists.

> I wouldn't consider commenting on the origin of the phrase when translated
> into foreign languages, since the ad was designed only for the UK market.

Some time has passed since Dublin, where I saw these posters, was
in was a part of the UK. The Irish language seems to have no
equivalent expression. The expression came into use in the 1700s,
possibly originating from the German poet Christoph Martin Weiland,
a time of decline for Irish. Thus the phrase may never have made
it from German to Irish, a transition which it clearly made for
many other languages (including English). The 1700s were also a time
of deforestation in Ireland, which perhaps made the phrase less
relevant ;-)

> With regard to your final point, at The Economist we work closely with all
> of our agencies in the development of advertising and other marketing
> communications.  In other words, both hands are well aware of the others'
> activity.

Excellent - then I can help all of you in telling the wood from the logs.

	David.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary (10th Edition):
wood: ... be unable to see the wood (or N. America the forest) for
the trees: fail to grasp the main issue because of over-attention
to details ....

Penguin Dictionary of English Idioms (1st edition 2000):
P50 Wood: 14. not to see the wood for the trees -
not to be able to make out the essential because of all the detail.
'You have put in so much unnecessary detail that one looses track
of the story; one can't see the wood for the trees.'

Penguin Dictionary of Quotation (2nd edition 2001):
Wood for the Trees: See Big Picture
Big Picture: To see the big picture is to have the ability to taken
an overview and to see everything in its place. It is the opposite
of 'can't see the wood for the trees' (an expression in use since
the 16th century).  This use of 'Big Picture' is a recent one, the
expression having previously been used of the main feature in the
days when more than one film was shown in a programme at the cinema.

The World Book Dictionary (1994):
wood: ...  not to see the wood for the trees, to loose the view of
the whole in the multitude of details ...

Collins Plain English Dictionary (1996):
wood: ... If you can't see the wood for the trees, you are so
involved with the details of a situation or activity that you can
not see or understand its general purpose of important features.

Cassel's Engligh Dictionary (1998):
wood: ... To be prevented by excessive detail from getting an overall
view.

Dictionary entries

Cassel's English Dictionary (1998)
wood: ... To be prevented by excessive detail from getting an overall view.
Collins Plain English Dictionary (1996)
wood: ... If you can't see the wood for the trees, you are so involved with the details of a situation or activity that you can not see or understand its general purpose of important features.
Concise Oxford Dictionary (3rd Edition)
wood: ... ; cannot see the ~ for trees, details impede general view; ...
Concise Oxford Dictionary (5th Edition)
wood: ... ; cannot see w. for trees, details impede general view; ...
Concise Oxford Dictionary (10th Edition)
wood: ... be unable to see the wood (or N. America the forest) for the trees: fail to grasp the main issue because of over-attention to details ....
Dictionary of Idioms (Wordsworth Reference Library, Manser 2006)
Not see the wood for the trees: To be so occupied with details that you do not look at what you are doing more generally: Many leaders get absorbed in small matters and so don't see the wood for the trees.
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (Wordsworth Reference Library - Edited Brewers)
One can't see the wood for the trees. There is such a mass of detail that it is almost impossible to arrive at a true estimate of the thing as a whole.
Dictionary of Proverbs (Wordsworth Reference Library, Apperson Manser, 2006)
To be unable to see the wood for the trees = To be unable to take a general or comprehensive view. 1546: Heywood, Proverbs, Pt II, ch iv Ye can not see the wood for trees. 1581: Woodes, Confl. of Conscience, II iii, Why, I was in place long before you came; But you could not see the wood for the trees. 16:30 Randolph, Works, i 14 (Hazlitt, 1875), We cannot see wood for trees, nor scholars for gowns. 1738, Swift, Polite Convers., Dial I, Tom, how is it that you can't see the wood for trees? 1910: Hudson, Shepard's Life, ch ii, There are many more which may not be spoken of, since we do not want to loose sight of the wood on account of the trees.
New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. (2002)
can't see the forest for the trees: An expression used of someone who is too involved in the details of a problem to look at the situation as a whole: "The congressman became so involved in the wording of his bill that he couldn't see the forest for the trees; he did not realize that the bill could never pass."
Oxford Dictionary of Idioms (first published 1999)
cannot see the wood (or N. American the forest) for the trees: fail to grasp the main issue because of over attention to details. around simce M16. the North American version makes clear the sens in which wood is to be taken in this saying. [NB: The version that I read had some pages out of order, and made the phrase hard to find. It was on page 388 in this edition.]
Penguin Dictionary of Cliches (Cresswell 1st edition, 2000)
big picture: To see the big picture is to have the ability to take an overview and to see everything in its place. It is the opposite of "can't see the wood for the trees" (an expression in use since the sixteenth century)...
Penguin Dictionary of English Idioms (1st edition 2000)
P50 Wood: 14. not to see the wood for the trees - not to be able to make out the essential because of all the detail. 'You have put in so much unnecessary detail that one looses track of the story; one can't see the wood for the trees.'
Penguin Dictionary of Quotation (2nd edition 2001)
Big Picture: To see the big picture is to have the ability to taken an overview and to see everything in its place. It is the opposite of 'can't see the wood for the trees' (an expression in use since the 16th century). This use of 'Big Picture' is a recent one, the expression having previously been used of the main feature in the days when more than one film was shown in a programme at the cinema.
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (5th Edition 2002)
wood: ... not see the wood for the trees, see the wood for the trees (fail to) grasp the main issue or gain a general view among a mass of detail (usu. in negative contests). ...
World Book Dictionary (1994)
wood: ... not to see the wood for the trees, to loose the view of the whole in the multitude of details ...
Random House Dictionary of America's Popular Proverbs and Sayings (Second Edition 2000)
Sometimes one can't see the wood for the trees. Focusing on small details or the most obvious features of a situation prevents one from seeing the bigger picture. The proverb has been traced back to 1546 (John Heywood's boock of proverbs), and its first attested in the United States in the 1813 Adams-Jefferson Letters (1959). One can't see the forest for the trees is a variant form.