All the characters on the keyboard have their standard meaning in mathematics mode, with the exception of the characters
Letters are set in italic type. In mathematics mode the character# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } '
'
has a special meaning: typing $u' + v''$
produces
$u v + w = x$
and $uv+w=x$
both produce
The characters
are obtained in mathematics mode by typing# $ % & _ { }
A backslash \ can be obtained in mathematics mode by typing\# \$ \% \& \_ \{ \} .
\backslash
.