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Maxwell Equations in Heaviside-Lorentz units

Given a charge density ρ(t, xi) and 3‑current density Ji(t, xi) at time t and location xi in a space with three spatial dimensions where i ∈ {1, 2, 3}, the Maxwell equations of electrodynamics including improvements initiated by Heaviside and Hertz are

c εijk Bk  −  ∂Ei  =  Ji ,      ∇Ei  =  ρ ,
c εijk Ek  +  ∂Bi  =  0 ,      ∇Bi  =  0 ,


i here referring to ∂/∂x and ∂t referring to ∂/∂t, c being the limiting velocity of electrodynamics and εijk the totally antisymmetric Levi-Civitá symbol. In Minkowski space-time, the Maxwell equations take the form

c gμρ μ Fρσ  =  Jσ ,
μνρσ μ Fρσ  =  0 ,


from the first equation of which follows conservation of charge σ Jσ = 0 , and from the second equation, the Bianchi identity

μ Fρσ  +  ∂ρ Fσμ  +  ∂σ Fμρ  =  0 

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School of Mathematics